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T · 135° · REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS

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Deep-dive into 40 regulatory frameworks across the EU and US

Foundational Frameworks
EUPrivacy

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

EU data protection framework governing personal data processing, consent, and cross-border transfers.

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EUAi

EU AI Act

Comprehensive EU regulation establishing rules for artificial intelligence systems based on risk levels.

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EUCybersecurity

NIS2 Directive

EU directive on cybersecurity requirements for essential and important entities.

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EUFinance

Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA)

EU regulation on digital operational resilience for the financial sector.

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EUSustainability

Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD)

EU directive on corporate sustainability reporting and ESG disclosure requirements.

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EU / USSupply Chain

Supply Chain Due Diligence

EU and US regulations requiring companies to conduct due diligence on supply chain practices.

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EU / USFinance

Financial Services Regulation

Banking, securities, and financial services regulations across EU and US.

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EU / USSustainability

Climate & Environmental Regulation

Environmental protection, emissions standards, and climate disclosure regulations.

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Environmental & Sustainability
EUSustainability

EU Battery Regulation

Lifecycle sustainability, safety, and labelling rules for batteries sold in the EU market.

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EUSustainability

EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR)

Directly applicable EU regulation replacing the Packaging Directive with harmonised rules on recycled content, reuse targets, recyclability, single-use bans, and digital labelling for all packaging on the EU market.

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EUSustainability

EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR)

Restricts import and sale of products linked to deforestation, requiring strict supply chain due diligence.

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EUSustainability

EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)

Imposes carbon costs on imports of carbon-intensive goods to prevent carbon leakage. Definitive phase with financial obligations began January 2026.

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EUSustainability

EU Taxonomy Regulation

Defines criteria for sustainable economic activities to guide EU investments and disclosure obligations.

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EUSustainability

EU Emissions Trading System (ETS)

Cap-and-trade system pricing carbon emissions from power generation, industry, aviation, and maritime shipping in the EU.

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USSustainability

US EPA Clean Air Act

US federal law regulating air emissions from stationary and mobile sources to protect public health.

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USSustainability

US SEC Climate Disclosure Rule

SEC rule requiring publicly traded companies to disclose material climate risks and emissions data.

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EUSustainability

EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED III)

Sets binding EU renewable energy targets and rules for clean energy deployment across all sectors.

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Digital & Technology
EUTechnology

EU Digital Services Act (DSA)

EU rules for online platforms covering content moderation, transparency, and user safety obligations.

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EUCompetition

EU Digital Markets Act (DMA)

EU competition rules targeting gatekeeper platforms to ensure fair and contestable digital markets.

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EUTechnology

EU Data Act

EU rules on fair access to and use of data generated by connected products and related services.

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EUTechnology

EU Data Governance Act

Framework for data intermediaries, data sharing, and the reuse of public sector data across the EU.

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EUCybersecurity

EU Cyber Resilience Act (CRA)

EU rules requiring cybersecurity standards for all digital products sold on the EU market.

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EUPrivacy

ePrivacy Directive & Proposed Regulation

EU rules on privacy in electronic communications, including cookie consent and tracking restrictions.

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USTechnology

US Section 230 (Communications Decency Act)

US law shielding online platforms from liability for user-generated content and content moderation decisions.

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Product Safety & Industrial
EUConsumer Protection

EU General Product Safety Regulation (GPSR)

Comprehensive EU framework ensuring consumer products are safe before and after market placement.

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EUConsumer Protection

EU Machinery Regulation

Safety requirements for machinery and related products including AI-enabled and autonomous systems.

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EUSustainability

EU REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation of Chemicals)

EU framework for registration, evaluation, and restriction of chemical substances to protect health and environment.

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EUSustainability

EU RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances)

Restricts hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment sold in the EU.

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EUConsumer Protection

EU CE Marking Framework

Conformity marking system required for products sold in the EU single market.

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Financial Services
EUFinance

EU Anti-Money Laundering Directive (AMLD)

EU framework to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing through due diligence and reporting.

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EUFinance

EU Payment Services Directive (PSD2/PSD3)

EU framework for payment services, open banking, and consumer protection in digital payments.

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USFinance

US Bank Secrecy Act & AML Framework

US federal anti-money laundering regime requiring financial institutions to detect and report illicit finance.

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EUFinance

EU Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA)

EU regulation establishing a comprehensive framework for crypto-asset markets and service providers.

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Labor & Social
EULabor

EU Working Time Directive

Sets minimum EU standards for working hours, rest periods, and annual leave for workers.

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EULabor

EU Platform Workers Directive

EU rules to improve working conditions and clarify employment status of platform workers.

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EULabor

EU Pay Transparency Directive

EU rules requiring pay transparency and reporting to close the gender pay gap.

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EUCorporate Governance

EU Whistleblower Protection Directive

EU rules protecting persons who report breaches of EU law from retaliation.

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Trade & Sanctions
EUCorporate Governance

EU Sanctions Framework

EU restrictive measures including asset freezes, travel bans, and trade embargoes.

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USCorporate Governance

US OFAC Sanctions Program

US Treasury sanctions program administering economic and trade restrictions against targeted countries and persons.

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EUCompetition

EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation

EU rules addressing distortive foreign subsidies in the single market, M&A, and public procurement.

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